JPRS 81745 10 September 1982 Worldwide Report ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY No. 368 [FBIS| FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE JPRS 81745 10 September 1982 WORLDWIDE REPORT ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY No. 368 CONTENTS ASIA AUSTRALIA Proposed Staff Cuts in NSW Environmental Body Assessed (Joseph Glascott; THE SYDNEY MORNING HERALD, 17 Jul 82) ..... l Federal Government To Retain Control of Air Pollution Station (Jane Ford; THE AUSTRALIAN, 19 Jul 82) ....... cece cece eccees 3 WA Environmental Impact Study Program Costs Millions (THE WEST AUSTRALIAN, 12 Jul 82) .....ccccccccccccccesesceses 4 Growth of New Industry, by Janet Wainwright Power of EPA State Pays Growers for Destroying Apple Trees (Michael Zekulich; THE WEST AUSTRALIAN, 17 Jul 82)........... 6 Du Pont Ammonium Nitrate Plant Meets Resistance (Ian Bushnell; THE COURIER-MAIL, 13 Jul 82) ... ccc ccc eceeeee 7 NSW Antipollution Laws Raise 0il Company Objections (THE AUSTRALIAN, 5 Jul 82) ... cc cccccscccccscsccccseseseceses 4 Briefs Environmental Watchdog Group 10 Alp Dam Position 10 Volcanic Ash Dispersal 11 EPA Shift in Victoria 1] Reforestation Program 11 -~a- (III - WW - 139] LATIN AMERICA CUBA Improvements in Lobster Harvest Since 1978 Noted CHAR FT PESCA, Amr 62) .cccowctcceevsscccccccccseesecese. 12 NEAR EAST AND NORTH AFRICA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Briefs Afforestation Project Progressing 14 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA BOTSWANA Shashe Dam To Supply Water to Francistown (Solomon Lotshe; DAILY NEWS, 15 Jul 82) ........c cee eeees 15 Drought Relief Projects Approved (Tarcisius Modongo; DAILY NEWS, 15 Jul 82) ............05. 16 Briefs Ditlharapeng Water Shortage 17 Makaleng Hit by Thirst 17 Bobirwa Drought Relief 18 ETHIOPIA Forest Development Gains Momentum in Tigrai (THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD, 19 Aug 82) .......cccceccceveccenrs 19 Lriefs Seven Million Tree Seedlings 20 NAMIBIA Briefs Clouds ‘Milked' 21 NICERIA Briefs Desert Encroachment Causes Migration 22 SOUTH AFRICA Northern Transvaal Ravaged by Drought (Pamela Kleinot; THE STAR, 4 Aug 82) ......ceeeeeeeceeceees 23 - b-=- Fears of Ruin as Drought Grips Natal Reported (Tim Clarke; THE CITIZEN, 17 Aug 82) ............cccceees 25 SWAZILAND Water Imported From Neighboring Countries (Donny Nxumalo; THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND, 10 Aug 82)....... 26 WFP Aid To Drought-Striken Families Reported (James Dlamini; THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND, 9 Aug 82)........ 27 SYRIA Pollution Study in Homs (Rasim al-Wa'ri; AL-THAWRAH, 17 Jul 82)...........eeee00- 29 ZIMBABWE Minister Reassures People on Drought CTE SUNDAY MAIL, 22 Ang G2) 2. cocccvevcccsccvcccssccess 32 Government To Establish Village Water Supply Centers (THE MERALD, 4 Aug 82) 20 ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccces 34 Squatters Flock to Chinamhora Water Project CTHE WERALD, 7 Ang 82) nccccccccccccccccccccccccccccscces 35 Pakistani Aid for Drought-Stricken Communal Lands Reported CT WRRALD, 16 Bite G2) 666506006 06006505066504060000080 36 2 Shumba Irrigation Scheme, Power Systems Reported (THE WPRALD, 7 Aug G2) 2 cosccccccccccccccccssccccccccese 37 Briefs Drought Disaster Averted iB Drought Aid 38 WEST EUROPF FINLAND Find of Illegally-Dumped Chemicals Off Turku Causes Concern (HELSINGIN SANOMAT, 25 Jul 82) 2. ccccccccccccccccesceeees 39 Search for More Barrels, by Harri Nykanen Hazardous Waste Disposal Problem in Many Areas, by Sauli Korpimo EDF To Study Power Plant Impact on Environment CLE BATIN, © Am 2) ccccccccccsccescvessccccosscescecss 49 GREECE Scientists Charge Pollution Data Altered CRLEVIMEROTVPIA., Z Jal G2) ccccscevccccesesccssccedewses 51 Commentary on Pollution Causes (Editorial; ELEVTHEROS KOSMOS, 24 Jun 82)........seee0e. 53 PROPOSED STAFF CUTS IN NSW ENVIRONMENTAL BODY ASSESSED Sydney THE SYDNEY MORNING HERALD in English 17 Jul 82 p 3 [Article by Joseph Glascott ] - ,. l ,@xct } Cuts in staff in the envir- onment protection division of the Environment and Pianning Mepartment could delay assessment of envir- onmenta! impact statements for major coal and industrial projects, conservation groups claimed yesterday. The groups fear that the cuts will weaken the effectiveness of the division a5 a protection agency. The cats were announced by the director of the department, Mr R. B. Smyth, m souce to all salf oo Thursday. He said the Government task force committee (the Stevens com- mittee) recently had imposed a staff limit of 495 for the department. As far as be could learn, all these cnts would be made. The en- vironment protection division and the research and services division would be the man areas affected Both would be subject to review with their functions and workloads being rationalised. The rewrew was likcly to lead to e spill of most, of mot all, of the positions in those two divisions. As far as possible the staff re- @uction would be achieved by natural wastage and adjustment to the structures of the divisons Bat not all the reduction could be achieved by thi means and gaff occupying surplus positions would be redeployed througn we processes set up by the Public Ser- vce Board. The senior vice-president of the National Trust. Mr Clive Lucas, said the proposed chamres a the division Was an outrageous deci- 2 “If the Minister, Mr Bedford, has aporoved of this he is not @cting on good advice. The Wraa Government has so far been seen by many «as an enlightened Governamem on conservation.” The deputy director of the Total Environment Centre. Mr Jeff Angel, sad: “We object to any dmminution of staff and resources whrrh could lead to a reduction in env ‘onment impact assessment, and publx review of pocennialty damaging proyects. “The environment protection di- veion has been one of the most effective protection agencies in the Peter Prineas, said he was “mast concerned by this proposal.” “The environment protection di- vision was not earmarked for cost cutting by the task force com- mittee, yet the director has taken a upon hanself to extend the exercie to a vital area af Government administrauon Mr Sowth sad yesterday the functions and effecurveness of the divimon would not be reduced by the rationalisation. All areas im the department would have prorata stafl reductions. AUSTRALIA CSso: 59000 /7561 He said the environment pro tecDon division was one of the big- gest divimons wo the department, and assessment work was “rather The division also services the Hert Council and the NSW Council. rN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO RETAIN CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION STATION Canberra THE AUSTRALIAN in English [Article by Jane Ford] [Text ] THE Federal Government will disregard a Razor Gang recommendation affecting Australia’s international sci- entific standing — a plan to contract out the work of an important air pollution rnonitoring station. This follows months of lob- bying by scientists as well as strong criticism from a Senate inquiry. All maintained it was inappropriate for the work of the station, at Cape Grim, Tasmania, to be handed over to private enterprise. Now only basic operating work will be contracted out, leaving research and develop- ment, or about 70 per cent of the station's work, in the hands of the CSIRO and the Department of Science and Technology. The $1 million station, officially opened in December, is part of a global network of stations monitoring air poilu- tion, set up with the support of the United States. The aim is to keep a long- term watch on rising levels of pollutants such as fluorocarb- uns, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen and sulphur At present there are five Stations — at the South Pole. Samoa. Hawaii. Alaska and Cape Gnm — all controlled by government agencies. Two more are being devel- oped in Japan and Ascension Island and three others are planned in the US, Canada and West Germany. These will also be under government control. Opposition Scientists from the CSTRO's CSO: 5000/7561 19 Jul 82 p 2 Division of Atmospheric Phys- ics. who have been closely in- volved in the development of the Cape Grim station, were concerned that if it passed to private enterprise the exten- sive monitoring would be Gowngraded to check only carbon dioxide, the research work dropped and the facility turned into a mere Gata gath- ering point. Expressions of interest in operating the station were cal- led for at the end of last year. However, the Government agreed to reverse the decision after pressure from the CSIRO, the Department of Science and Technology. ment. The Senate committee's in- quiry revealed that no money would be saved by the move. there were no technical advantages and the number of departmental staff would be cut by only four. Last financial year the oper- ational cost of the station was ernment will have to pay the contractor enough to allow for some profit. Dr Graeme Pearman. of the CSIRO, said he believed the continue at Cape Grim. The station had already shown significant results, in- cluding evidence that the levels of methane and methy! cloroform, an industrial clean- ing agent, were rising. AUSTRALIA WA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY PROGRAM COSTS MILLIONS Growth of New Industry Perth THE WEST AUSTRALIAN in English 12 Jul 82 p 23 [Article by Janet Wainwright] (Text ] INCREASING €@nviron-- mental awareness tk. WA has wned a major growth indus worth millions of lars. En vironmental review and management pro grammes for relatively small subdivisions to major developments, each costing hundreds of thousands of dol- lars, are being com- plied by town planners. There seems to be an obvious need to streamline the system, which is costly and fre quently duplicates in, formation. The acting Minister for Conservation and the Environment Mr Masters, says that it is still a relatively new. area but -the rt. and the Environment is collating informa. and putting this into a computer sys tem. He said he belleved that the proliferation of consultants would also sort itself out as the “fly-dy-nights” in the new Industry dropped out. He could see no alter. native to the develo ers appointing their own contultants and Producing their own reports, though these could be suspect. The . department did & not hav¢é the resources to do the environmenr- tal planning studies and he could mot envis- age a system where the Government § ap- pointed consultants and charged the devel- One consultant com ny alone, Scott and urphy, has grown from one person to a staff of 3 in.12 years. , In common with other consultants, a also draw from a of specialists in other scientific aeas. the impact of mining and industry on WA's environment, it is now quite common for de. velopers to be called on to do environmental studies. The ultimate cost of these studies, whether they be for housing, roads or rubbish sites, is’ borne by the public, either through in- creased land costs or rates and taxes. Many of the reports are treated with suspi- cion by the conserva. tionists they se in- tended to placate be cause they are paid for by the developers. Preferuble Both the Department of Conservation and the Environment and the consulMants agree AUSTRALIA Perth THE WEST AUSTRALIAN in English 12 Jul 82 [Text } CSO: that the system is far from perfect, but say that it ts the best avail able and is preferable to the planning that existed befare environ. Mental awareness. Thi: environmental process is so powerful that kh cuts across al! town planning laws. The Mandurah area is a prime example of du plication. recently for three different canal projects, two in Man- Qurah and another in the neighbouring shire of Murray. A study for the Par. rvs Esnlanede Halis Head proposal is esti- mated to have cost $300,000 so far. with no guarantee that the land will even be re zoned. The principal consul. tants are Feilman Planning Consultants, who are also the pro Maine, of the Univer. sity of WA, with Pro fessor Des O'Connor, 5000 / 7560 Power of EPA ject planners Reports for the John Holland project, on the opposite side of the coast road to the Par- rys development, and 4 further report for a canal development at Yunderup were both made by Russel] Tay- lor and William Bur- rell These reports are es- timated to have cost $200,000 each. Pooled Mr Burrell says that if information had been pooled when en- vironmenta] studies first began there would now be a consid- erable amount of infor- mation to draw on. The department has a list of 2 consultants which it will give to a developer. The consultants are those willing to go on to a list or who have done studies for the de- partment. mendations of a re and virtually re lien on a gentiemans agreement with the develcper or a vigh lant local authority. STATE PAYS GROWERS FOR DESTROYING APPLE TREES Perth Artic! [Text } THE WEST AUSTRALIAN in English 17 Jul 82 p 7? .e b v Michael Zekxulich] MORE than 63.559 ap trees have been The fruit rs were paid $416419 the Commonwealt and State Govern ments to pull out the trees About #09 more tes are expected to come out— with a £20000 payout-— this financial year Some of the tres are old, but many are in prime producing condi tion The pulling out of the trees is part of an in- adustry rationalising scheme aimed at cut ting back profuction to vce experts to un econormc markets— like Britain and Eur ope. Se far, @ growers have pulled out trees which represent about ©. per cent of the State's orchard. The oreduction§ in volved would be more than 2WA000 boxes of appes. Some frultgrowers have received as much as 3.00 with pe ments varying trom ee Oe — ! trees were in the Manjimup, Donnybrook and Bridgetown areas and a. oe at first,” ; © ho Dell Agostino . 7 - He said some good or chards were now being pulled out. “The onl markets t were economic last season were in South East Asian. “I believe we have seen the end of the tra ditional European area exports for WA apples.” The Minister for Pri Industry, Mr AUSTRALIA DU PONT AMMONIUM NITRATE PLANT MEETS RESISTANCE Brisbane THE COURIER-MAIL in English 13 Jul 82 p 23 [Article by Ian Bushnell] [Excerpts] ~ Du Pont or not Du Pont — that is the ques- tion for Toowoomba. = Last Dece suber, Toowoomba was ehosen by Du Pont (Australia) Ltd —,a part of the giant US based Du Pont Corporation — as the site of a $@ million ammonium nitrate plant which would supply industrial! explo- sives to the central Queensland coal- - "When the company applied to the City Council to have its 33 ha site in the-city’s expanding r orth-west sub- urts rezoned from rural to 10xious madustry, only six objections were lodged. ~ It was a slow fuse. -Jeowoomba these days is covered ip-ati-Du Pont graffiti, motor v-hi- ctes bumper stickers declaring “Don't Du Pont Toowoomba,” and the daily news columns are ful) of cdgims and counter-ciaims about the salety of the proposed plant in what hes. become a classic debate of the epvigonment versus progress. -Cantral to this debate has been the wert of the Citizens for Clean Air organisation which has proved itself t6+de a highly efficient and well fetided campaigner against Du Pont. ~ Dw Pont says no more than it has ta, preferring to maintain re-assur- line, emphasising its “proud” record and the benefits it will bring to the 70,000 strong communi- ty, while it and the City Council await the findings of the envirou- meatal] impact study. to Du Pont project co- ordinator Albert E. Dunklee, the plant will employ 90 people, pay an aanua) wages bill of $2 million and spend $1 million a year on goods and services. The plant would begin production in 1985 and manufacture 200 tonnes of ammonium nitrate a day to truck west through Dalby to central Queensland. The ammonium nitrate prills or granules would need further treat- ment there before being explosive. In May, ICI Australie Ltd and Consolidated Fertilizers Ltd an- nounced plans to build a $100 mil- lion explosives plant at Gibson Is- land in Brisbane to meet the demand in eastern Australia to 1990 and be- yond. Toowoomba meets all the require- ments for such a plant. It has natural the raw materi- al of the manufacturing process, from the Roma-Brisbane pipeline which is in the immediate vicinity of the site, an adequate water and pow- er supply, a road and rail network, a well developed infrastructure and proximity to the market place. However, it is the location of the Du Pont site which worries Toowoomba residents and environ- mentalists. In a letter to the Toowoomba Tourism and Development board, Du Pont project manager R.E. Brakewell listed what gaseous emis- sions there would be from the plant — water vapour, hydrogea, carbon dioxide, and small quantities of ni- trogen oxides, as well as a small amount of fallout dust from the prill- ing tower. The site, although adjacent to a tannery and the Wetalla sewage works, is only six kilometres from AUSTRALIA CSO: the city centre and close to new resi- dential areas and Baillie Henderson Hospital. The Citizens for Ciean Air fear that gas emissions, some of them they claim to be cancer causing, and dust fallout will foul Toowoomba's air and turn the Garden City — it holds a Carnival of Flowers every year — into the “Noxious City.” Spokesman Arne Pedersen says 70 to 80 percent of all Toowoomba residents would be living within a ra- dius of the plant's chimneys. Du Pont has promised to comply with all the requirements of the Clean Air Act but, according to the Citizens for Clean Air, it offers no CCA president Don Graham told a City Council meeting that in the 19 years since the Act was passed there had been only four prosecutions and a total of only $200 in fines imposed after appeals. The Du Pont issuc cuts across par- ty political lines. One Liberal Party branch, after lengthy debate, sent a protest motion agzinst any re-zoning of land close to residential area; for noxious indus- 5000/7560 try to the City Council, the Premier, Deputy Premier and the Local Gov- ernment Minister. The local National Party has — that the plant not be allowed in proposed area inside the cit boundaries. . ALP candidate for Toowoomba North, Alderman Peter Wood, like all Council members, is officially waiting to see the EIS before passing judgement, but it would be electorai The site is also in a mountain val- ley which runs through the middle of the city and is prone to fogs. _Mr Graham says fog, mixed with The CCA critised the environ- mental impact study guidelines pre- pared by the Department of Com- mercial and Industrial Development for omitting reference to fog, the risk of explosion and the hazards posed to human health. At a cost of $3000, it has ordered its own EIS to be carried out by the School of Environmental! Studies at Griffith University. It should be ready by the end of the month. NSW ANTIPOLLUTION LAWS RAISE OIL COMPANY Canberra [Text ] THE USTRALIAN in English 5 Jul OIL companies claim that new clean-air laws in NSW will cost the industry up to $20 mullion in increased operating expemses and could have 4 substantial effect on the its future in the State. NSW refiners have been fighting the State Govern- ment over the low petra@>pric- ing leveis and strict regulatory standards imposed on che industry. One of the main operators in NSW, Total, reveaied this year that it lost money on petrol i% sold in the State. The company's expansion plans Jor NSW have been shelved indefinitely, while Ca!- tex has protested against the Government's pricing policies and Ampoi has described the dehavior of the NSW Govern- ment as “outrageous inter- ference with the democratic process”. The cost of compliance with the new regulations. which are expected to reduce the hvydro- carbon fumes that form 7 to 8 per cent of the air pollution above Sydney, has been caicu- lated at between $18 and $20 milion. The increase in operaiung costs is expected to be passed to the public in the price of petroieum products The laws, to be introduced over the next three years. re- Guire petrol storage and hand- ling facilities within three OBJECTIONS 82 p 2 —— zones covering Sydney, New- castle and Wollongong to be modified to prevent vapor ieaking into the atmosphere Similar laws are now being considered for Victoria. The NSW regulations call for all new road tanker filling terminalis and main storage tanks to be fitted with vapor emission control equipment. and for existing storage tanks to be fitted with similar facil- ities by 1984. Smaller storage tanks in Sydney will also be covered by the new laws from 1985 on- wards, while emission control systems will be required at all main Stages in the transport- ation of fuel from refineries to individual service stations. The requirement that all ser- vice stations should have new petrol pump nozzles with an automatic cut-off valve — or face a penaity of up to $5000 — is likely to raise an outcry among service station owners. Many of the oi companies have already begun the switch-over to the new Stan- dards. with Caitex embarking on @ $3 million conversion pro- gram. The most sophisticated vapor recovery system yet ins- talled, at a cost of $300.000. isa unit at the Silverwater ter- minal in Sydnev's western suburbs that prevents ail leak- age of fumes. AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA BRIEFS ENVIRONMENTAL WATCHDOG GROUP--Queensland lawyers have formed a new environmental watchdog group, the Queensland Environmental Law Association. It is the third such association of lawyers to be formed in Australia in the last three years. The other groups are in New South Wales and Victoria. Chairman of the Queens- land group, which has formed a committee to draw up a constitution and articles of association, is Brisbane solicitor Mr Stephen Keim. The Queensland Conserva- tion Council chairman, Mr Jason Reynolds, of Brisbane, said yesterday that the new association would assist conservation groups to protect areas of Queensland, such as Moreton and Fraser Islands. (Brisbane THE COURIER-MAIL in English 7 Jul 82 p 12] ALP DAM POSITION--Conservationist groups yesterday praised the Labor confer- ence's decision to oppose the flooding of the Franklin River in south-west Tasmania. Against the strong opposition of its Tasmanian delegates, the con- ference voted to oppose the construction of any dam on the Franklin or Gordon rivers. The result was described as magnificent by the director of the Tasman- ian Wilderness Society, Dr Bob Brown. it was a challenge to the Fraser Govern- ment to intervene in Tasmauia to stop bulldozers being sent into the wilderness this spring, he said. The Australian Conservation Foundation said it was heart- ening that a political party accepted the need for the Federal Government to save an area of world heritage importance which was listed on the National Estate Register. The successful motion, moved by the Opposition Leader, in the Senate, Senator Button, also committed a Labor Government to help the Tasmanian Government expand its tourist potential. Tasmania would also be helped to find ways to diversify its electricity generation. Senator Button's predecessor as Senate Labor Leader, Mr Ken Wriedt, failed in his attempt to have the conference approve the dam scheme. Mr Wriedt, now Leader of the Opposition in the Tasmani- an Parliament, urged the conference to recognise that Tasmanians had approved the scheme in a referendum. Labor's spokesman on the environment, Mr West, failed by one vote to have the conference support a public inquiry into the scheme. [Melbourne THE AGE in English 9 Jul 82 p 17] 10 VOLCANIC ASH DISPERSAL--ANOTHER cloud of volcanic ash is dispersing off the sorth-west coast of WA after an eruption of Mount Galunggung, south of Jakarta, on Thursday night. The Bureau of Metrorology said that the eruption at about 8pm was followed by a smaller one at about midnight. The volcanic activity was shown on satellite photographs. The ash cloud from an earlier eruption that disabled a Singapore Airlines jumbo jet could not longer be seen on the photographs a bureau spokesman said. Staff were puzzled about the origin of the present cloud, which appeared to come from a point a few kilometres east of Mount Galunggung. "We are not too sure, but it could be a different volcano --or maybe it has a double crater," the spokesman said. The regional director of the Aviation Department, Mr E Keil, said that aircraft were being diverted around the ash clouds. “We think we have the matter under control,” he said. The bureau would continue to monitor the clouds and advise the department of their position and density. [Text] [Perth THE WEST AUSTRALIAN in English 17 Jul 82 p 7] EPA SHIFT IN VICTORIA--Control of the Environment Protection Authority may be transferred from the Ministry of Conservation to the Department of Planning. Dr Gerard Vaughan, a member of the Caucus Conservation Committee, said yester- day the move was one of the options being considered by the Ministry of Con- servation review team. Speaking a a meeting of the Clean Air Society, Dr Vaughan said the review team had queried whether the EPA rightly belonged with a Ministry whose main function was "the control of Crown lands." He said the Department of Planning seemed more appropriate, given the EPA's responsibility tor environmental management and planning. The Minister for Conservation and Planning, Evan Walker, was unavailable for comment, but his senior adviser, Dr Michael Henry, denied there were definite plans to shift control of the EPA to the Department of Planning. "We are simply looking at a general review of the Ministry," he said. [Melbourne THE AGE in Eng!ish 14 Jul 82 p 22] REFORESTATION PROGRAM--MORE than 11,000 trees wil be planted on $*’ate Energy Commission properties in the next year. About 10,000 of the trees will be plavted on a former grazing property near Collie, one of three properties ac- qui ed by the SEC as part of a reforestation prcegramme in the Wellington Dam cat. hment area. About /0,000 trees have been planted on the properties to help stabilise soil and reduce the salinity of run-off water into the dam. Other major plantings proposed by the SEC include 500 trees and shrubs at the Muja power station, 350 trees at Kwinana power station and 100 trees at the Bunbury station. |Perth THE WEST AUSTRALIAN in English 15 Jul 82 p 14] CSO: 5000/7560 11 CUBA IMPROVEMENTS IN LOBSTER HARVEST SINCE 1978 NOTED Havana MAR Y PESCA in Spanish Apr 82 p 25 [Text] Lobster is harvested in Cuba on the four large insular shelfs which surround the island. The importance of each of these is shown in the map be- low. Most of the lobster production is located to the south (almest 80 percent), especially in Batabano Gulf. Ihe development of the lobster harvest from 1959 to 1980, which has varied, is shown in the graph. Since 1965, when over 9,000 metric tons per year were caught, the harvest of this specie has fluctuated often, with sudden drops every third or fourth year and showing levels of less than 8,800 metric tons in 1967, 1970, 1973 and 1977, and especially following years with high harvests, as in 1969 and 1976. Beginning in 1978 this situation has changed completely and the harvests have been kept at stable levels and above 10,000 metric tons per year. This of course was determined from the application of a fishing administration policy, particularly with regard to a more strict compliance with the minimum legal size and an increase in the closed season as well as the complete watch over this period. All of this has contributed in making the yearly weight increase of the harvestable population be estimated at around 700 metric tons. [Photos on following page | 12 lemportan srelatwa fen por ental de las Adtereont j mnpresas langostrras (‘datos de 1976 1980) ss a Cc | — ao ee ee ee = 7 . ~ » . 7 . | ~ /\ /\ j } / | | | } ‘ Comportanvento de las capturas de langosta en «i periodo 1959-1980 Captions: |. Map--Relative importance (percent) of the various zones and lobster enter- prises. (information from 1976-1980) » Graph--Behavior of the lobster harvest over the 1959-1980 period. T™ = metric tons Media = average Especiec = specie CSO: 3010/2244 13 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES BRIEFS AFFORESTATION PROJECT PROGRESSING--ABU DHABI (EN)--The country's largest af- forestation project is well underway with 5,500 hectares planted including forests and grass farms, said Mohammed Rida Soorouri, head of the municipali- ty's agriculture section. This, the Balnona project, was started in 1961 and will encompass some 23,000 hectares when finished. The project's grass farms which were featured in a television program here this week, produce needed hay for animal fodder, while conserving the soil. Another large project the section is involved with, is planting forests and grasslands in and around the new airport. In the airport's runway area alone, 48 hectares of grass are being planted. This area, like many others in the city, is fed dy auto- matic computerised sprinklers. Research is also being carried out by the sec- tion, said Soorouri. Finding suitable varieties of fruits and vegetables in- cluding oranges, bananas and coconuts for area farms is the aim of the present research. Last year, mini-farms of one and a half of two hectares each were distrbitued to local farmers in Beda Zayed, Zatra, Sela and Al Khatam. Each of these includes palm trees and irrigation facilities at present. The next phase in the scheme is to plant and cultivate vegetables between the trees for maximum utilisation of water and land. [Text] [Abu Dhabi EMIRATES NEWS in English 4 Aug 82 p 3] CSO: 5000/4716 14 SHASHE DAM TO SUPPLY WATER TO FRANCISTOWN Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 15 Jul 82 p 1 [Article by Solomon Lotshe] [Text ] CS: WATER FROM the Shashe Dam may start flowing to Francrstown next month to assure the people of the town of a constant water supply A ew water supply system from the dam is expectec to be complete in August The new system includes 2 water pipeline from the dam to Francistown and a big new reservoir burlt on one of the wills nthe town The water supply system of the town has also been rehabilitated The news were told to the Francistown residents by the Minister of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs. Or Gaositwe Chiepe this week She was addressing ‘meetings in the town at Tati-Siding and Matsiloje recently She told the people that the government took over water supply trom the town council because it was running al a loss very inadequate and unreliable Dr Crepe explained that her Ministry tookover water supply through the Water Utilitres Corporation The Minister also pornted out 5000 / 5800 that the water tariffs on the town were raised because a tot of rehabilitation on the water supply system was necessary The cap tal cost was very high and the government had to borrow money from the World Bank to finance the project, Or Crepe said She explanned that people were paying more for water in Francistown than in Gaborone because peopte in Gaborone were near to thew water source in Francistown people pey 60 thebe per kilo-litre and in Gaborone 46 thebe per kilo-litre According to the Minister, the rehabilitation, water pipeline from Shashe Dam and new water works capital expenditure was very twgh Dr Crepe said that government had Dull water supply in Francistown to a capacity of 12 000 kilo-ltres while the current demand was 4 000 kilo-litres She explained that the capacity of the rehabilitated and reinforced supply was 12 000 kilo-litres to meet with the demand of the future develop ment programmes of the town BOTSWANA he railway headquarters abatiow. indusines and many others that might come to the town Dr Crepe pointed out that the government did not want to limit the water supply to the present Gemand of 4 000 kilo litres and then im two years time raise another loan She added that unless some- thing went wrong the 12 000 kilo wires would carry the people to 1995 but before that there must be work on the future require- ments beyond 1995 The Minister also briefed the people on the future development of Francistown. She said that the development consists of two big projects - the abattoir and the railway headquarters which she $a:d would bring some change mn the town Dr Chiepe also hoped that in the near future the government might at long last do something about the Sua Pan project. She said the development of the project, though not in Francistown, would have an impact inthe development of the town DROUGHT RELIEF PROJECTS APPROVED Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 15 Jul 82 p 2 [Article by Tarcisius Modongo] [Text ] CSO: 5000 / 5800 THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT Development Committee has approved Labour intensive drought relief projects submitted to it by the Drought Retief committee of the Southern District A total of P20 000 has been set aside for the drougnt relief projects Accorfing to the Kanye-based Development Officer, Mr PG Tumedi, the Village Development Committee had in turn submitted proposals for the projects to the interministerial committee Both the drought relief committee and the Village Development Committee have identified thew projects which vary trom dam construction to road Durlding In Kanye, there are plans to move the air strip from its present place because it is a hazard to villagers since the village has grown on all sides Two sites have already been identified for the new a “irip and the VOC is now awaiiing approval from the Department of Civ Aviation Another project to be undertaken in Kanye is the fencing of the Kanye dam At Kutuku, @ remote area settlement between Mabutsane and Khakhea in Western Ngwaketse, the remote area Gweliers are clearing and debushing an arable plot to be used communally This project will help two ways. by aiding the villagers towards diversification and also serve as a temporary source of income in this drought which has resulted 16 in the scarcity of wild fruits and the migration of wild animals Mr Tumedi mentioned that although western Ngwaketse is generally regarded as arably Suitable the probability of narzards although minimal were about the same at Kutuku as in other places in the area whose residents have been practising arable farming In other areas residents of Molopo have decided to clear the veld for the Phitshane- Molopo-Mabule road and at Leporung in the same area the cammunity has proposed to dig and buildadan The dam willbe of a great importance to livestock The source of water has been Molopo river but due to the construction of Disaneng Dam in South Africa it has become unreliable because the fiow is no longer perrenial At Tshidilamolomo a vegetable garden has started while Mabule residents are planning to erect a shelter at the kgotia, build « kitchen and a cre. :e in the village BOTSWANA BOTSWANA BRIEFS DITLHARAPENG WATER SHORTAGE--A SERIOUS water shortage has aborted plans to build a community centre at Ditlharapeng village in the Southern District. Other development projects have also been halted. The Headteacher of the area's Tawana Primary School, Mr Mmolawa, told BOPA that the drilling machine had broken down and the owner had returned to South Africa after making very little progress. He said, it as doubtful that he would ever come back but the local Village Development Committee had paid P500 as deposit. However Mr Mmolawa said there was hope that help would come from the USA. Already he said, the American Embassy in Gaborone had donated a water engine and the new borehole equipment. The Headteacher also said the American Emoassy had contributed to the construction of a health centre at Ditlharapeng. The South- ern District Council had planned to erect a reservoir at the cost of P4 000. When BOPA reporters visited Ditlharapeng recently, about 2 000 residents were drawing and drinking water from the small drying dam. Domestic animals were also sharing the water. Mr Mmolawa also spoke about the feeding scheme at Tawana, where the store-rooms were stacked with bags of sorghum. But the ser- ious water shortage in the village was causing problems. He also said parents had been prepared to pound the sorghum for the school children as was requested by the government. [Text] [Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 4 Aug 82 p 2] MAKALENG HIT BY THIRST--A WATER problem has hit Makaleng residents in the North East District, following the drying up of a water well point in the Shashe River which is the main source of water. They drying up of the wel in the river is due to lack of rainfall this year. Makaleng people are reported to be almost a month without water. The North East District Council is in the meantime providing residents with water through water-bowzers three to four times a day. The water is being drawn from a borehole at Botalaote village about 12 kilometres away. Each family is rationed to two buckets per day. The clinic and the school are supplied with 2000 gallons each per day. The Council Secretary, Mrs N. Thothe has said in the meantime, the council was intending to re-equip the old borehole within the village, although the water was salty. She said the water from that borehole would mainly be used for cooking, washing and building while tranported water would be for drinking purposes. Mrs Thothe further said more villagers in the North-East were likely to face similar problems. She further said the Council started supplying to schools at Matenge, Malabagwena, Masakwane, Gare and Letsholathebe villages. She said each school was being provided with three drums of water once a week per school. The Council Secretary further said the counci! has appealed to 17 the Ministry of Mineral Resourcs to assist. She is also appealing to all North-East Villagers to be patient because the council was working hard to put the situation under control. Mrs Thothe further said the Ministry of Agricul- ture has ailocated F15 000 to the council to purchase water bags. [Text] [Gaborone DAILY NEWS in English 3 Aug 82 p 1} BOBIRWA DROUGHT RELIEF--THE DROUGHT-RELIEF programme is reported to be imple- mented well in the worst drought-hit Bobirwa area, according to the Drought Relief Co-ordinator in the area, Mr Howard Chilume. Already, 100 tonnes of sorghum has been sent to six schools and another 100 tonnes has been dist ribu- ted to remote dwellers in the district, he said. Addressing the drought relief sub-committee in the council offices in Bobonong last week, Mr Chilume said there was another 100 tonnes waiting to be distributed to the various schools in the area. He explained that the sorghum was sent to only six schools because in other schools there was still stocks of some food (analiti). Mr Chilume said more cooking pots had been ordered but that they had not yet arrived. He appealed to residents of the area to loan pots to PTAs until their orders had come. According to Mr Chilume, stamping in schools where sorghum had been sent had already started. He said people were coming forward to register for Stamping. The drought relief co-ordinator reported that at Tsetsejwe the res- idents had already started to mould bricks for the construction of teachers quarters under the drought relief scheme. In Moletemane they had started road clearing. In both villages, however, residents have been advised to stop their projects until the ;rojects were approved by the Ministry of Local Government and Lands. Mr Chilume also said although the drought relief programme was progressing well in Bobirwa they had transport problems. He said they had no vehicles to distribute food to various villages in the area. [Text] [Gaborone DALLY NEWS in English 6 Jul 82 p 2] CSO: 5000/5800 18 ETHIOPIA FOREST DEVELOPMENT GAINS MOMENTUM IN TIGRAI Addis Ababa THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 19 Aug 82 p 1 [Text] MAKELE (ENA)--Over 17 million tree-seedlings have been planted in Ti- grai region in the current Ethiopian year starting last September through the area office of the Forest and Wildlife Conservation and Development Authority. and the regional peasants’ association. Disclosing this, Comrade Gebre-Medhin Adera, the regional forest developr..nt expert, said that the seedlings were produced in 23 government and four peas- ants’ association forest nurseries. Some 12 million of the seedlings were produced in plastic bags. Comrade Gebre-Medhin pointed out that the area office of the Authoriy is cur- renly engaged in setting up model forest nurseries in suitable peasants’ asso- ciation localities and is rendering material and technical assistance to help peasants of the region to cover their areas with greenery. More efforts will be made in this line in future, he said. Educationla briefings ts help the peasants comprehend the importance of forest, and take active participation in forest conservaion and development are given by the area office of the Authority, Comrade Gebre-Medhin stated. He pointed out that a total of 500 peasants in the region have beentrained in the current Ethiopian year alone to serve as forest conservation and development agents. The regional forestry expert further stated that terraces have been built over 3,302 hectares by the government and peasant associations and noted that owing to the combined work of afforestation and terracing, a number of localities in the region have been covered with forests. This, he said, has immensely saved the soil in the area from heing eroded by wind and rain besides creating conditions for salubrious climate. As a result of the over 84 million forest seedlings planted in the region since the Revolution through the concerted effort of the government and the masses, an encouraging influx of wlidlife to their original habitat is also being wit- nessed, Comrade Gebre-Medhin pointed out. cso: 9000/5810 19 ETHIOPIA BRIEFS SEVEN MILLION TREE SEEDLINGS--Nearly 7.5 million tree seedlings were planted in the seven provinces of Gojjam region as part of the overall national en- deavour to reclaim the once rich forest resources of the country. The local offices of the Forestry and Wildlife Conservacion and Development Authority had organized an afforestation campaign in which people over 14 years old plan- ted five tree seealings each. A meeting was held recently between extension farm workers and other pertinent authorities to discuss the post-plantation programme and the care to be given to sprouting trees. Ina similar venture, over 72,000 hectares of land in Charcher-Adal-Gara-Guracha province, Hararghe region, were covered with tree seedlings during a recent afforestation campaign organized by the afforestatioa development office. Sueprvisors were assigned to Awash, Miesso, Mille and Hirna towns to guard the young trees planted both in high and lowlands, according to the local office. Feeder roads were also constructed to get easy access to the demarcated areas while the regional of- fice of the Authority was given specific information regarding the protection of incense trees in a locality called Kassie Heja. The Muktar hilis in Cher- cher-Adal-Gara-Guracha province are reputed for rare wildlife. [Text] [Addis Abuba THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD in English 20 Aug 82 p 6] CSO: 5000/5810 20 NAMIB IA BRIEFS CLOUDS ‘MILKED'--Windhoek--Clouds scudding above the parched South West African land my soon be "milked" on a regular basis. The SWA Minister's Council has accepted recommendations that a weather specialist be appointed to examine the feasibility of instituting a permanent cloud-seeding programme, A test project carried out in March and April this year showed the milking of clouds seemed possible in the territory, the council was told. Large areas of the territory, regularly plagued by drought, are experiencing one of the worst drought cycles in history. The report before the council said the chances of successful rainfall modification were small during drought periods, but would reach maximum effectiveness in years of normal and high rainfall. "“Cloud-sceding is not an answer to a drought situation during the drought but should rather be undertaken on a continuous basis if under- taken at all," the report said, The technology should not be viewed as a water supply scheme in itself. "At best it can be regarded as a supplement to existing sources of supply." The annual cost of a rainfall modification programme to be conducted yearly over a period of four to five months was estimated at R330 000 at current values. An initial capital outlay of R225 000 would be required, The report recommended a consultant be contracted to establish how much additional water the technology could produce and whether the benefit warranted the cost.--Sapa [Text [Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 20 Aug 82 p 10] cSO: 5000/5802 NIGERIA BRIEFS DESZRT ENCROACHMENT CAUSES MIGRATION--IT has been disclosed that desert en- croachment in parts of Borno State has forced thousands of people in the state to migrate to neighbouring states of the federation. This was disclosed in the House of Representatives by a member representing Matchina Constituency of the state, Alhaji Bukar Mele. Alhaji Bukar, who was moving a motion to this effect, stated that the situation had also forced schools in the state to close down indefinitely. According to him, the desert encroachment coupled with the sand dunes had overtaken the area, making farming very difficult. He said that the encroachment was hampering food transportation from other states, adding that the access roads were now inaccessible. The House, there- fore, directs its committee on agriculture and natural resources to investigate the situation and recommend remedies within four weeks after the motion had received overwhelming support from members. [Text] [Kaduan NEW NIGERIAN in Enlgish 8 Jul 82 p 16] CSO: 5000/5795 SOUTH AFRICA NORTHERN TRANSVAAL RAVAGED BY DROUGHT Johannesburg THE STAR in English 4 Aug 82 p l [Article by Pamela Kleinot: "Dry Veld Spells Death"] [Text] Drought has ravaged huge areas of the Northem Transvaal, aggravating the huager problem and foreshadowing death through disease for thousands of children, Every year an estimated 50 000 children in South Africa's rural areas die from malnutrition and malnutrition-related diseases, But this year it is likely the death rate will rise, The devastation of drought--empty rivers, no harvest--adds to the toll taken by diseases bred of poverty, overcrowding and malnutrition. During a week-long survey of drought-stricken areas The Star found: --There is an acute shortage of water, even for drinking in some areas as rivers and streams have dried up. --Crops have failed, including maize which is the staple dict of millions, --There is little grazing left, "There's an undeclared famine in Gazankulu," a senior health official told The Star, Lebowa's Secretary for Health, Dr Machupe Mphahlele said the extent of malnutrition in his area was frightening. He estimated 100 000 children in Lebowa were ma lnourished, Lebowa and Gazankulu are fragmented homelands which share borders and straddle most of the Northern Transvaal, Both are mostly thorny, rocky wastelands but each has a corner of the wilderness area of Tzaneen with its lush, green meadows e 23 the cecent polio cpidemic which has killed at least 28 children and paralysed 253 others to date, has focused attention on the northeastern Transvaal, The Star has established: --Polio is a mere drop in the ocean of disease that ravages children daily in these rural areas, Gastro-enteritis is the biggest killer of black children--followed by respiratory infections, malnutrition and measles, At a hospital in Gazankulu 50 patients were being treated for typhoid. Doctors said this number was not unusual, Tuberculosis and whooping cough are also rife, --People live in overcrowded and unhygienic conditions, For most the bush is their toilet and contaminated rivers their water source, --People are poor because there are simply too few job opportunities. A family of six often has to live on R40 a month--or less--and depend on migrant workers for this cash, There are few men left at home, --Local food production is low because of land shortage, There is also insufficient water to grow crops. People are forced to buy food at local stores at considerably higher prices than in urban areas, --Health services are inadequately funded, poorly equipped and understaffed, They are inaccesible to many people who lack transport facilities. Sick people may have to walk 15 km to a clinic. Hospitals are overcrowded with patients sharing beds and sleeping on the floor, Lebowa has requested drought relief from the South African Government, reports The Star's Farming Correspondent, A spokesman from the Department of Co-operation and Development yesterday confirmed it had been asked for financial aid for drilling boreholes, He added the matter was receiving priority attention but no decision had yet been taken, cso: 500/5808 24 FEARS OF RUIN AS DROUGHT GRIPS Johannesburg THE CITIZEN in English 17 Aug 82 p 12 [Article by Tim Clarke] drought in northern. Natal and the Mid lands of the provin- ce is reaching criti- cal proportions. Farmers in both areas claim they ar« facing ruin. Cattle and maize farmers in northern Nata) have been badly hit by the prolonged drought as have maize and vegetable farmers in the Midlands belt. The chairman of the Dundee Farmers’ Asso- Cation, Mr Glynne Bur- rant, said yesterday the situation for both dairy and maize farmers in northern Natal was reaching a “critical stage”. Most dairy farmers had culled the- ir herds in autumn this year in expectation of the bed period. He said that despite this culling, there was hardly any winter fod- der left. Farmers faced disaster unless heavy rains fell soon. The situation of maize farmers in the area was equally bad. Because of poor re turns from the present maize crop it was esti- mated that only 20 per- §009/5798 cent of the farmers in the area would be able to repay their loans from the Land Bank used to finance their present crops. According to farmers interviewed, the situa- tion is extremely se rious. One told The Citi- zen yesterday that the maize crop would only be about 30000 tons this year because of the lack of rain. This was half last year’s crop. Many vegetable farmers interviewed by The Citizen said their crops were a total write-off. A farmer in the Howick district said many of his neighbours had quit and had moved to Durban or Pieter- maritzburg to find work. He said the crip- pling heat had been devastating and thou- sands of hectares of vegetabies were ruined. He made the gloomy forecast that even if rains fell now it would be too late to save the crops. NATAL REPORTED SOUTH AFRICA WATER IMPORTED FROM NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES SWAZILAND Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 10 Aug 82 pp l, 15 [Article by Donny Nxumalo] (Text ] SWAZILAND will continue to buy water from neighbouring cou- ntries if the pre- sent water short- age in border areas continues. This was stated by the Minister of Works Power and Comm-- unications, Dr. Victor Leibrandt, yesterday. Lomahasha still imports water from Mozambique and Lavumisa imports water from South Africa. Swaziland has an agreement | with the two neighbouring , states to supply these areas + with clean water In a separate wterview, the director of the Water and Sewerage Board, Mr. Christopher Mavuso, said borcholes thal wen installed in the two towns did not generate enough water to supply the community The water shortages in these areas have been in existence for a number of years. Water from the two countries are supplied by tankers. The government of the two countries send bills to the Swaziland Water Board who pay for the water. The communities in the two towns pay the water board in normal rates. The board distributes water to the communities by trucks. Mr. Mavuso _ stated, however that when Mozambique is struck by droughts, it breaks the ‘agreement and fails to supply water because it has greater need at home. Mr. Mavuso disclosed that at one time, the water board had to send water tanks by trucks all the way from Manzini to lLomahasha because Mozambique had halted supplies. Mr. Mavuso said, however that if was not economically viable to build a water system in Lomahasha and Lavumisa. “it is always a problem when you don’t have your own water supply, but it is much cheaper to import it,”’ he said. ““One has got to consider the planning and financing and whether or not the funds are availabie,"" Dr. Leibrandt said. Water shortages reached crisis propotions in the Siteki area in 1980, but Dr Leibrandt said the repairing of the Lugongoiweni dam has alleviated the situation **Ht a continuing problem, and people should use jess water «while we plan for a more lasting solution We should economise while we Suild for the future. Sitek: is certainly one of our priorities,’ he said Dr. Leibrandt said his minisiry has completed a number of water schemes throughout the couniry **At least 50 schemes have been completed and half the population is already getting clean water supplies,’ he said He said seven boreholes have already been completed in the Shiselwen: district supplying 10,000 people He said another scheme run by UNICEF is presently working on a El million water supply project in Nhiangano He said rural water projects are being conducted by British and Canadian aid SWAZILAND WFP AID TO DROUGHT-STRIKEN FAMILIES REPORTED Mbabane THE TIMES OF SWAZILAND in English 9 Aug 82 p l [Article by James Dlamini] [Text] THE WORLD FOOD Programme is to send emergency food aid worth E1l.5 million to families in Swaziland's drought striken areas. The food is expected to feed more than 83,500 persons for a period of three mnoths. The acting representative of the World Food Programme in Swaziland, Mr. Charles Cohen said 3,000 tons of white maize will be purchased in Zimbabwe out of World Food Programme funds to be delivered to Swaziland shortly, possibly in October. “*This food aid grant will also include 300 tons of pulses (dried beans, peas for mak- ing soup) and 150 tons of edible oil,”’ a state- ment said. Swaziland’s request was approved on August 5 by the Director General of the Food and Agriculture Organisation, Mr. Edward Saouma Agreement The pulses will come from Holland and the edi- ble oil is to bought from the Unned States. Mr Cohen and the Minister for Agriculture, Mr. AK Hiophe are scheduled to meet sometime this week for an exchange of letters 'o formalise the agreement “When the letter of understanding has been signed it will bx sent to FAO headquariers in Rome,” Mr. Cohen said in an inter. view The letters will briefly set out the role the FAO and the Government will be ex- pected to play. The food will be delivered to the Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives which will ve responsible for distributing it among the affected farnilies. An emergency food distmbution committee will be established jointly by the FAO office in Swaziland and the Minister of Agriculture and Co. operatives ‘“*We will plan the logistics of moving the food from warehouses in Mat- sapa to the districts. We will also determine where and how much food as been disinbuted.” “Mr Cohen added Food to the Rura! Development Areas «ii! be distributed by RDA's pro- gramme managers. Outside the RDAs, food will be distributed through the Distinct C * of- fices and semor agricultural extension officers, and co- operative officers Exploitation Asked wha! measures would be taken to ensure that and food would act be explosied of sold at the ex- pense of the starving farmbes as has happened elsewhere in Africa, Mr Cohen said “| will bke to emphases that once food reacties Swaziland, « will be the property of the Govern. ment. it will be the Govern ment’s duty to see that it is distributed propery and to the mght people. However, we will have a very com prehensive accounting system. by which, af a glance we wil! be able to tell if food has gone astray and at what pom.” "The Ministry of Agriculture and Co operatives gave us accurate details when submitting the request, that uw the reason why there was no time wasted to have the request approved,” Mr. Cohen ad- ded “We did not have to go back to the ministry to seek more information. We have a tome lima, We are striving to have the food here by October, because the situa pon © expected to be critical from October to March ext year.” Mr Cohen said The most highly affected area by the drought is the Shise! wen district Here «6 the break down of the drought areas and people aflfecied Shiselwens district 4) “#O people. Prggs Peak wub-district 20 040 people Manzim district i” oO Lubombo 4 81D neon SYRIA POLLUTION STUDY IN HOMS Damascus AL-THAWRAH in Arabic 1/7 Jul 82 pp 5, 10 [Article by Rasim al-Wa'ri: "Solutions and Proposals to Deal with Environ- mental Pollution Danger in Homs"] [Text] Students of the production camp in Homs recently carried out an environmental pollution study, established by the Research Society, by con- ducting a comprehensive survey and integrated study concerning the truth about industrial establishments that contribute to environmental pollution, as well as the al-‘Asi River basin. Based on this, these efforts were aimed at the security and health of the population of Homs Province. In support of those effort and their success, we are publishing the following study about environmental pollution in the Province and the future dangers. The study also raises some solutions and proposals to ward off air pollution in Homs Province. Homs Amidst the Gases of Factories and the Refinery The city of Homs is located in the center of the country. It is considered a connecting link between north, south, east and west. It has a population of about 1 million. Homs is one of the largest provinces in the country. The city of Homs is the third largest in population after the capital, Damascus, and Aleppo. The al-‘Asi River runs through it and forms a large lake west of the city, known as Lake Qantinah. Several important industries are concen- trated around the city, including an oil refinery, cement and electrical works, as well as other factories that emit large quantities of gases and poisonous wastes. These substances pollute the atmosphere and rivers, which results in damage to the population's life, especially in the new residential areas on the roads to Damascus, Mafraq, and Tudmur and the western and southern suburbs. The relatively damp climate, along with wind direction and speed, plays an important role in gaseous concentrations in the city's atmosphere, since the concentrations are lowered when wind speed increases, and the concentrations of pollutants increase when wind speed drops. This is especially true when the wind speed drops over the city at 10 o'clock at night until morning, throughout most of the year. 29 Basic Atmosphere Pollutants The study enumerated pollution sources with the following elements: Coal oxide and dioxide Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Hydrogen sulphate Ammonia gas wi & WN > Fs * ® © Pollutants Emitted From the Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant Three nitrogen fertilizer plants--al-Calnitro, the ammonia urea plant and the Tarbil super phosphate--discharge large quantities of gases, resulting in air pollution. The amount of sulphur dioxide gas emitted from the Babcock boilers is estimated at 1476 square meters per hour, resulting from the burning of fuels containing approximately 1.5 percent sulphur, in addition to discharging nitrogen oxide and coal oxide and dioxide gases. About 925 cubic meters per hour of sulphur oxide gases are discharged from the ammonia urea boiler’s smokestacks, in addition to undetermined quantities of gases derived from the burning of crude naptha. The treating of parts of ammonia urea results in the amount of 180 cubic meters, while the al-Calnitro factory discharges 2,000 cubic meters per day. The clouds of ammonia nitrates, spewed forth from the towers of al-Calnitro are also considered a chief source of pollution of the Qatinah area, which is close by the company, as well as the industrial facilities neighboring the lake. Pollutants Emitted by the Qatinah Electrical Works The Homs air pollution study reported that the use of 500 tons of fuel per day, containing 5 percent sulphur, whose burning gives off 12,250 cubic meters of sulphur oxide gas per day, results in increased air pollution, in addition to undetermined amounts of coal oxide, dioxide and nitrogen gases. Pollutants from the Oil Refinery The burning of 600 to 700 tons of fuel per day in the heating process results in 12,250 cubic meters of sulphur oxide gases, in addition to hydrogen sulphide. nitrogen oxide and petroleum gases, being discharged from the smokestacks of the carbonization department. The discharge of sulphuric gases increases to 24,500 cubic meters per day when the work of the unit producing sulphur stops, due to its burning. The production of 180 tons of butane gas, and its bottling, results in the leakage of approximately 1 ton per day, noting that the surplus is put to the torch. Pollution Produced by the Oil Paints Company As a result of burning 5 tons of fuel, 60 cubic meters of various sulphur oxide gases are emitted into the atmosphere, in addition to combusion gases and coal dust. 30 Solutions and Proposals to Ward Off Air Pollution in Homs The s idy reached the following solutions and proposals to ward off the danger of air pollution in Homs: 1. Fuel is the chief source of pollution in Homs, in view of its containing a percentage of sulphur of up to 5.2 percent, which leads to the discharge of sulphur oxide. This is a high percentage of sulphur, and large quantities of it settles in fuel, despite the work of the unit producing sulphur in the hydrogen separators and the Mirox units, as a result of the complete burning of the hydrogen sulphide gas, from which is derived the free sulphur. The study emphasizes that the percentage of sulphur in fuel must be reduced through the use of Arabian crude oil, which is noted for the reduced concen- trations in its composition, and the establishing of hydrogen units to extract the sulphur in crude oil, so as to ensure the reduction of sulphur to the minimum extent possible. 2. It is impossible to determine the percentage of air pollution through the gases discharged from the sources of pollution, and to use measurements con- ducted through a time period to determine the extent of pollution and the extent of health damage to the population, in view of the changing weather conditions during the day and during the months of the year, since concen- trations of pollutants increase and decrease in accordance with those atmos- pheric conditions. Therefore, not less than six fixed centers, with measuring positions at differing distances, must be used to conduct measurements through- out the year. Tables of internationally permitted levels of gases must be used, and a specialized medical authority must be taske! with establishing medical inspection and permanent supervision over the population, in order to estimate the health damage that pollution causes, and its various effects on mankind. 7005 CSO: 5000/4715 31 ZIMBABWE MINISTER REASSURES PEOPLE ON DROUGHT Harare THE SUNDAY MAIL in English 22 Aug 82 pp 1, 3 [Text] NOBODY will die to the Cold Storage Come fronf the drought un- - ~4 2: on epen whee lese there is a we Tr no anewer. We could give people breakdown in com- for their cattle, but we munications, says the are not able to give them areas nearly every Gay and sources and Develop- wy — ment, Cde Cephas state of affairs as (ar as Masi cattle are concerned, pe- “Ia Matabeleland at my ainistsy ene Oe present they are surviv- Ministry of Local Gov- ing oo tree leaves, but ernment and Towns Pilan- how long can they do selves to ensure that no Asked why people ware one dies,” he said ip as hanging on to thelr ani- eee are communycating nes Go sues on they were worried about with district administra- bow they would plough tors. and provincial water when the rains eatne and engineers are kept ia- whether the cost of cat- a tle would imcrease so that - they would be unable to Of course, drought re afford to buy more if they lief takes er over sold now : “On my last trip I saw The tig worry wes them using cattle to cart about cattle curvi in water in some.areas where the lives of nearly three 30 iam round trip to get a < oe water in drums. 7 catue “There is 0 in are still useful. A few people were get eth Fe ggg gt ting far less for their cat- = —s wy tle than they would have ek cattle 1 dont umow, just a month ago, because r e t : because they will definitely the animals wer) deterio- die,” said Cade Msipa. rating yi. Me on bem on ing what are normally " Cde of bis regular tours of considered rejects, drought-stricken areas to Msipa said. ont Fu oy hd A aaron bee ‘isited the velopment show people y of that — Government is a — concern how Cée Msipa said posete people were coping agreed with him that their The ministry had in- cattle would die, but they creased its supplies of still insisted on not selling borehole drille 123 CSO: hiwayo could protably % installed @ two days “Eventually this system would be upgraded to as it bas been Gltered by th sand aoc more hygienic than the old method of simply digg o¢ $000 /5811 33 j eit. ae iy’ iis bal? 5 ekhie 7 3 g2 At Dinyane, where work om a village water supply had to stup Geceuse of the security situations. minsis- try warkers were Grilling horenoles and Stting them with Pansd pumps Another could mot Gad « place to 4A for water.” The chief engineer had gone out with a water a@ of who had ipdicat- ed iwo places “We will sow send «a érili rig i.” ZIMBABWE GOVERNMENT TO ESTABLISH VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY CENTERS Harare THE HERALD in English 4 Aug 82 p 11 [Text] THE Government will establish at least 50 village water supply centres in the rural areas, the Deputy Minister of Water Resources and Development, Cde Joseph Kaparadza, said yesterday. One such centre has recently been established at Shumba village in the Chikwaka communal land at a cost of about $40,000. Another centre would be established in September at Makosa village in Mutoko and would cost about $60 000, Cde Kaparadza said. The deputy minister was speaking at a meeting of district council chairmen, district administrators, councillors and senior Government officials from Ma- shonaland East province, at Seke Hall, south of Purare. "This is just the beginning of a long-term programme to supply clean water to the people in the rural areas." The centres would be established at points which would serve between 500 anc 2 000 villagers. Water would be led to brick sheds. Washing basins would be installed in the sheds so that people could do their washing. "The places will be adequately protected from rainfall, wind and wild animals. “In other areas, where there is not enough water in the rivers and streams, a water trough will also be built beside the shed for cattle and other animals,’ Cde Kaparadza said. He appealed to the people to help the Government by digging trenches where the pipes would be laid. This would reduce the costs of the project, he said. "Britain and Sweden have, through their Zimcord pledges, said that they will give six drilling rigs each to Zimbabwe. We are therefore waiting for them so as to drill more boreholes quickly. "The demand for water, especially at rural day secondary schools an proposed growth points, calls for the immediate attention of the Government,” the deputy minister said. cso: 5000/5792 ZIMBABWE SQUATTERS FLOCK TO CHINAMHORA WATER PROJECT Harare THE HERALD in English 7 Aug 82 p 6 THE establishment of a village water supply cen- tre in Chinamhora c-m- muna! land has attrscted many squatters, the Goro- monzi district administra- tor, Cde Dakadzai Sithoile, was told this week. At a meeting attended by farmers and hea's of Villages at Shumba village on Thursday, Cde Sithole was told that people had started drifting from other areas to Chinamhora, at- tracted by the develop- ment taking place there. “There are now about 50 ‘foreign’ families in this area now and if nothing is done as soon as possibile More people will come,” the village heads said. “This might cause very serious over - crowding, leaving ovr cattle without enough grazing land.” The district administra- tor said he would report the matter to the Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rural Development for action. The villagers demanded that the squatters »5e moved before the next Traine so they could have time to prepare for the season. Apother problem faced “We hear that there are many bus operators hold- ing permits to serve the area, but they don’t use this route,” the said Meanwhile, other operators wishing to come im are blocked by these people who claim to be &re just momopolising this route yet they have failed to serve it efficiently, Ww vw PAKISTANI AID FOR DROUGHT-STRICKEN COMMUNAL LANDS REPORTED Harare THE HERALD in English 16 Aug 82 p 3 [Text] CSO: 5000/5809 PAKISTANI water engineers will soon arrive in Zimbabwe to help ease the drought crisis, Pakistan’s Charge d’Affaires in Harare, Mr Sheira Khan, said yes- terday. In an interview Mr Khan said his govern- ment had decided to give the issue “top priority” because of the threat it was posing in the com- muna! lands. Consultations between the two governments were now under way and officials from the Zimba- bwean Ministry of Water Development were ready in Pakistan to select the engineers. They would assist in Grilling . boreholes in drought - etricken areas and supplying more water in the communal lands. “We will do everything possible to ensure that this problem is solved,” Mr Khan said. The charge daffairs said another team from the Ministry of Trans- port was io Pakistan re- cruiting technicians for Air Zimbabwe He described the rela- tions between the two countries as excellent. adding “We have always - Jeit that we should try as much as possible to assist Zimbabwe ere we cas.” His government would e000 approach the Zi- mb>abwean Government to offer doctors to work in rural health centres. ZIANA A trade agreement be- tween the two countries was also being drawn up as a result of talks held when the Prime Minister, Cde Mugabe, visited Pak!i- stan last year. “We pe that as soon as this trade agreement is formed trade between e two countries will be strengthened and relations cemented,” he said On the international scene, Mr Khan said Zi- mbabwe and Pakistan held simular views. He condemned South Africa for its continued attacks on Angola and its intransigence over Na- miblia. “It la our view that the people of Namibia are en- titled to their independ- ence and that South Af- rica must withdraw from the territory immediately. He hoped that the West- ern Contact Group would put pressure on South Af- rica to speed independence for the territory. He condemned South Africa for its racial pol- ictes adding that sooner or later the regime would be crushed and replaced by a majority government. His country would con- tinue to give material as- sistance to Swapo and ANC guerillas. 36 ZIMBABWE SHUMBA IRRIGATION SCHEME, POWER SYSTEMS REPORTED Harare THE HERALD in English 7 Aug 82 p 9 [Text ] 50900 SMALL Irrigation achemes and simple power systems will be started soon at Shumba village. Chinamorea communal land, following the estab- lishment of a water sup- ply centre, the district ad- ministrator, Cde Dakadzai Sithole, has said. If the projects succeed, Shumba could be the forerunner of thousands of other village de- velopment schemes in the communal! lands. Speaking in an inter- view on Thursday, Cde Sithole said his adminis- tration planned to mobilise the people to spearhead rural _ de- velopment by increasing vegetable and crop pro- duction through irrigatioo achemes. More __— biogas plants would also be established in the area to provide cheap power to the people's homes and thus improve their living staa- dards. “The use of simpie tech- nology wil) transform the present structure of the rural villages. It is easier for the people to rup such projects and therefore 5e- come self-reliant in water and electricity,” Cde Sithole said. The Shumba village water supply centre marked the beginning of « long-term programme in- itiated by the Government to get niped water to the communal! lands. i 5798 Speaking at a meeting of district administrators and district council chair~- men on Monday, the De- uty Minister of Water esources and De- velopment, Cde Josenh Kaparadza, said 53 such, centres would be estab- lished throughout the country. Work on another centre at Makosa village. Mutoko, would start w September. e urged district coun- cils te pinpoint arees of need and liaise with dis- trict administrators so that the programme suc- ceeded At Shumba village. water is drawn from a nearby river by a power- driven pump into two big tanks. It is then purified and transferred into a reservoir. Water pipes had been laid from the reservoir on a hilltop to nine supply points in the village. “The trenches in which the pipes are laid. were dug Dy the people and this shows how important community spirit and self- reliance are for de- velopment,” Cde_ Sithole said The $40000 8 supply centre marked the in- troduction of cheap, but very usefu’ technology in the Chinamora com- muna! land. Clean water is supplied to about 500 villagers. It is led to brick and con- crete sheds and about 5m away from the water taps ere washing basins where peopie do their washing Records at the nearby Nyaure clinic, which serves aout 20000 people in the area, show that the num- ber of people treated for water-borne diseases ped from about 800 to nearly 450 during the last aix months. The Government has stationed a water main- teaance officer at the vil- lage. “The district adminis- trator said two biogas piant« and a solar energy pump had already been in- Stalled at various centres in the district. The biogas plants pro- videc electricity and power to Chinyika primary and secondary schools and to the Juru district service centre, on th: Mutoko road. People in the area were prepared to contribute towards the maintenance custs so as to catch up With the development trends im some areas in Z.mbabwe. ZIMBABWE ZIMBABWE BRIEFS DROUGHT DISASTER AVERTED=--Chibi--The possible closure of two schools, Jenya and Denga in Chibi District, Masvingo Province due to the drought has been avoided by the construction of a $17 000 5 km trench to supply water to the area, The District Administrator, Cde Steven Chikasha said the water situa- tion had become so bad that the only option left had eppeared to be closing down the schools, "It was not only the two schools which were affected but the entire surrounding community was threatened," he said, But 16 villages with about 300 people got together and approached the Ministry of Water Development for help. “The community did not want to simply wait and be given; they concertedly made contributions and raised $1 000 which was added to the $16 000 provided by the ministry." He added that the money provided by the ministry had gone towards the buying of pipes, cement and the construction of two reservoirs at the schools which would also serve as central collection points for the surrounding communal areas, The existing Chombwe pipeline scheme built by the District Development Fund (DDF) to supply water to Chibi District Offices was constantly disrupted by the local people who, faced with water shortages, would cut the pipe to allow their animals to drink, "The community effort exercised by the local people will inevitably induce them into identifying with the new scheme since it is their product," Cde Chikasha said, "They will respect their own efforts." The latest extension would be connected to the existing Chombwe scheme which draws its water from the Tokwe river dam.--Ziana [Text] [Harare THE HERALD in English 14 Aug 82 p 5] DROUGHT AID--Bulawayo--I[t was not possible at this stage to say how many water engineers would come from Pakistan, the Minister of Water Resources and Development said yesterday, The Minister, Cde Cephas Msipa said two officials of his ministry, Cde Andrew Mpala and Cde Wonder Banda only left on a recruiting trip to Pakistan on Tuesday last week, The minister said he wished to repeat an earlier statement that the staff position in Matabeleland was pretty well depleted and needed to be brought up to a functional level, [fhe recruiting of Pakistani water engineers was announced at the weekend by that country's Charge d‘Affaires in Harare, Mr Sheira Khan, who said this would help ease the ravages of drought affecting nearly 3 000 000 Zimbabweans, (rext] (Harare THE HERALD in English 17 Aug 82 p 3] cso: 5000/5809 38 FINLAND FIND OF ILLLEGALLY-DUMPED CHEMICALS OFF TURKU CAUSES CONCERN Search For More Barrels Helsinki HELSINGIN SANOMAT in Finnish 25 Jul 82 p 18 [Article by Harri Nykanen: "Search For Missing Poison" ] [Text] The search for barrels containing poison given to the table drawer manufacturer, Euro Industri, for disposal has been going on for 3 weeks. More than 20,000 kilos of various kinds of poisons have already been found and the search is still going on for 40 more barrels. During the search three individuals were jailed and eight were detained. Two of the detained have been let go. The search goes on for three other individuals in the same manner as the search for barrels -- without knowing where. The first three barrels of poison were found on Monday 28 June on the uninha- bited outlying rocky islets of Krakbarskar. Two of the barrels were on shore and the third was under water off the shore. Several holes were punctured in the 200-liter barrels, apparently for the purpose of sinking them. How- ever, according to another theory presented later the holes were made so that the gases forming from the chemicals would be able to escape. The barrels contained steel cannisters and glass bottles of various sizes. Some of the bottles had washed up on the shore and were broken on the rocks. There was a very strong odor in the vicinity and the firemen who transferred the poisons to the shore wore protective clothing and oxygen equipment. The investigation of the poison find was conducted by the Turku Central Crin- inal Police. It began to trace the source of the poisons by means of the labels on the bottles, among other things. On some of the bottle one could clearly read the word poison in Finnish and there were markings of labora- tories on several bottles. Un the third day the police requested information from the public about a truck that was in the area of Kemio--Kasnas the week before Midsummer Day. It was said the the first letter on the license pl ite of this stubby nosed dark vehicle was A. iit wurce ol th pOolsons and tte individual who sunk them were dis losed Saturday 3 July or 5 days atter the poisons were found. 9 ——__ m yrkk arasto a pifton loytopaikka ~ age? +. "wis ch et i dee a aitetty, etty onnet tton i) dF The first barrels of poison were found on the outlying rocky islets of Krakbarskar on 28 June. Key: . Location of found poisons - Baltic Sea Locaton of alleged accident Ristna light! use |. Warehouse for storing poisons 2. Location of truck 3s. Loading site of trawler ws OW & Euro Industri Inc., which has operated for 10 years in Helsinki with zero sales, was found to be behind the contract for sinking the barrels. In the spring and fall by means of telexes the firm offered to dispose of poisons from industrial plants which had become exasperated with several kinds of harzardous waste. 40 The Keskuslaboratorio Company of Espoo turned out to be the first party to accept the offer. The firm, which operates as a joint research institute for the wood processing industry, gave Euro Industri approximately 2,000 li- ters of various kinds of poisons for disposal. Keskuslaboratorio accepted the offer without determining whether Euro Industri had a permit for or expe- rience in the disposal of toxic substances. The poisons were delivered on 13 and 17 May. In its enthusiasm to transport poisons Euro Industri went beyond its actual area of operations. In the trade registry the firm has promised to purchase manufacturing licenses and place orders from Finland and abroad. Several individuals known to the police were found to be connected with this firm. The managing director was Raimo Niemela, a junk dealer from Vantaa. A Helsinki attorney, Matti Cederberg, who had power of attorney for the firn, was responsible for making contacts with the producers of poisons. Poisons Missing Keskuslaboratorio stated that Euro Industri had been given approximately 2,000 liters of poison for destruction. It thus became clear that a full 1,000 liters are still missing. The police estimated that Euro Industri had acquired poisons from other firms also. Also the origin of the truck used for transporting the poisons became clear on 3 July. The vehicle was owned -- indeed, not in his own name -- by a ship- master born in Turku. The police suspected that he had used the vehicle to transfer the poisons to the Normandie trawler owned by him. The boat was freqently anchored in the harbor of Bormarv between Hanko and Kemio. The shipmaster was well known to the police. He had several convictions a- gainst him for smuggling alcohol and concealing stolen goods. Now he was suspected of new crime -- a felony involving the illegal dumping of waste. Jn Sunday 4 July the police disclosed another producer of poisons which had turned over its products to Euro Industri. The Nokia Corporation's Tampere condensation plant turned over 40 barrels of PCB-poison, which becomes concentrated in nature, and nearly 20,000 kilos of used condensers, which contained PCB as an insulating material. Also the Fargo-make truck was found on Sunday from a wrecking yard. The truck had been there for nearly a week. The owner of the wrecking yard declared the vehicle only after he recognized it from a picture in the newspaper. Poison Cache Is Found On Monday 4 July it was reported that approximately 20,000 kilos of toxii waste from Nokia had been found from the cache in the outskirts otf Turku. lt is calculated that 7 tons of waste condensers and 246 barrels are missing. 4] According to a more precise accounting of Nokia only 12 barrels contained a diluted PCB-solution and the remaining barrels contained C4-waste as well as engine oil. Exactly a week after the barrels were found the first arrests were made and the first public notices for individuals wanted by the police were issued. In Helsinki, Euro Industri‘’s attorney came to the police, and an individual suspected of involvement in the transporting of poisons did the same in Turku. On Tuesday 6 July four barrels of poison were found off the coast of Kemio. Un the same day the shipmaster, who has become a central figure in the poison case, announced through his lawyer, Reino Lunden, that the barrels were not sunk on purpose. According to him an explosion took place on the trawler transporting the poisons and as a result six barrels were thrown overboard from the damaged side of the vessel. According to the shipmaster the explosion took place on the Danish trawler on the western point of Hiidenmaa in the vicinity of the Ristna lighthouse. Two men were injured in the explosion caused by the mixing of chemicals. They were transferred to a hospital just below Stockholm. Une of the injured, Viljo Lindroos, escaped from the hospital and returned to Finland. According to the statement made by the shipmaster instructions for treating the man were requested from Keskuslaboratorio, which urged them to take the injured man to a hospital. The man did not get along well in a Finnish hospital either and escaped again. However, they succeeded in finding a private doctor for this runaway patient ind he was treated with saltpeter bandages. The shipmaster told attorney Reino Lunden that he sought evidence of the acci- dent and walked to the nearest police station. Shipmaster Un Wanted List Un Wednesday 7 July it was reported that the individual known as the ship- master is from Jarvenpaa, but his name is Jukka Ojaranta and was born in Turku. A public notice for the arrest of Jukka Vajaranta of Turku was issued at the me time. A businessman from Uusmaa was detained on the same day. Un the following day the police and the Coast Guard began the search for the approximately 40 missing barrels. The search was concentrated on the western side of Dragsfjard where there are several depressions at the bottom of the sa. The navy loaned out its military secret, an American-made oblique echo depth sounding device, for the purpose of the search. The device recorded suspic- ious formations at the bottom of the sea. A more thorough inspection was left to divers. Un the first day of the search Interior Minister Matti Ahde (Social Democrat) condemned the sinking of the poisons in strong language. Also he stated that the poisons could not have been transported to the GDR according to a report issued by the Embassy of the GDR in Helsinki. According to the embassy that country’s law prohibit the importing of hazardous waste. Un that same day Interior Minister Ahde made a personal visit to the site where the poisons were sunk. The first observations of Jukka Ojaranta were made in the vicinity of Seina- joki and Kauhajoki on Thursday 8 July. He was driving a white Upel Record with the license plate number TCU395. The vehicle had been borrowed from a painter in Helsinki. Ujaranta was seen eating in a Seinajoki restaurant. When a certain customer recognized Ujaranta, he left immediately in the direction of Kauhajoki. En- route he was followed by a police car, but he managed to shake it off just before Kauhajoki. There was at least one other person with Ojaranta. Un Friday the white Opel was seen in various parts of Pohjois-Satakunta, Kar- via and Kankaanpaa, among other places. On Monday 12 July reports begin to come in trom Southern Finland already. Un Monday, however, the police de- tained an Uusmaa dispatcher suspected of arranging the poison shipment. Additional high-technology equipment was obtained for making the search in Dragsf jard more effective. A metal detector built by the Finnish Army was brought to the site. Un Wednesday 14 July the search for the barrels had to be halted without any results. The depth sounder had found rocks and chunks of earth and the metal detector found only abandoned anchors on the bottom of the sea. It was de- cided to continue the search later if local residents came up with any new information on search sites. Un Wednesday the police detained two other people. One of them was Ojaranta's wife. The only thing the police would say about the other individual is that the detained person is a male. In connection with the detainment of Ojaranta's wife a thorough search of her home was conducted. The police found, among other things, a suitcase containing clothes and books packed for Ojaranta. The police decided that VUjaranta intended to give himself up in the near future. During the search the police also found telexes sent from West Germany to Euro Industri as far as is known. Un Friday 17 July the police detained a mechanic from Helsinki. Ujaranta Makes Phone Call Shipmaster Jukka Ujaranta called HELSINGIN SANOMAT on Tuesday 20 July after having been in hiding for 2 weeks. The ehipmaster described his own role 43 in the incident as "ridiculously small". According to him he had been made the chief villain because of an old grudge on the part of the police. Ujaranta stated that he was only involved in the transporting of the chemi- cals, and even in this primarily as an assistant. He assured us that the intent was to take care of the poisons “honestly” through a West German firm. Ujaranta stated that he had saved the telexes sent to Euro Industri by the German firm. As far as is known the police confiscated the telexes during the search of his home. According to his own words Ojaranta would have surrendered much sooner if his “innocent™" wife had not been detained. He still promised to give himself up if his wife is freed to take care of the children. Ujaranta stated that he hid for a week in the woods outside of Kauhajoki, very close to the spot where he and Lindroos slipped away from the police. The procurement of food was taken care of by Ojaranta's fellow fugitive, Vil- jo Lindroos. He went grocery shopping at a near-by market. According to Ujaranta it was Lindroos who was injured in the explosion on the Danish traw- ler and fled from a Swedish hespital. Lindroos suffered burns on his hands in the accident. Ujaranta also disclused the hiding place of the escape vehicle. Un Wednesday 21 July the police put the first two men detained in connection with this incident in jail. They are suspected of violating the waste treat- ment law. Un the following day an Uusmaa businessman detained as the third individual for this reason was put in jail. Un Saturday Managing Director Raimo Niemela of Euro Industri was detained and a public notice placing Viljo Lindroos on the wanted list was issued. Hazardous Waste Disposal Problem in Many Areas Helsinki HELSINGIN SANOMAT in Finnish 25 Jul 82 p 17 [Article by Sauli Korpimo: "A Problem Shoved Into Barrels" ] [Text] Dangerous wastes, which cannot yet be treated in Finland, are lying around in industrial warehouses. Poisons thrown into the water without per- mission came to the surface in Dragsfjard. The environment is being pol- luted a thousand times over with permission. if the barrels containing poisons had come to the surface off the coast of Dragsf jard several days earlier, the Suomen Ungelmajate (Finnish Waste Treat- ment] Company could now be 50 million markkas richer. This, you see, is the amount the state reduced from the assistance granted to the company as the result of a proposal made by Interior Minister Matti Ahde. The decision on state aid to the waste treatment company was made 5 days before the barrels were found. 44 The waste treatment company cquld have used the money since it is currently building a plant in Riihimaki for the disposal of toxic wastes. Currently in Finland it is not possible to make hazardous wastes safe. On the same day that the barrels of poison were found the board of directors of the waste treatment company was deliberating an awkward situation -- it was short 50 million markkas. Tens of thousands of people in dozens of communities have protested the con- struction of a waste treatment plant since they have feared pollution from the plant. The finding of poisons in Dragsfjard changed their attitude. Ten days after the poisons were found, Minister Ahde flew in a helicopter to the site where the poisons were dumped. There he observed that there is still much work to be done in Finland with respect to problems of environ- mental protection. He said there is a need for one new environmental pro- tection official in each province. The barrels of poison in Dragsfjard have more significane as a factor contri- buting to a change in attitudes than as a pollutor of the sea. A thousand times more poisons are dumped into the environment legally. This is the eas- iest way to get rid of them. But others have received permission from society to do this, not Ujaranta. The legal pollution of waters is considerably greater than the illegal. By the end of 1980 more than 300 industrial plants had permission to dump waste into waterways on the basis of water rights decisions or inspection statements made by officials. These wastes also included toxic substances, for example, 26,000 tons of iron, nearly 6 tons of cyanide, more than 5 tons of arsenic, more than 4 tons of lead, 600 kilos of cadmium, and 120 kilos of mercury. Industry has been allowed to dump 7,000 tons of nitrogen, 700 tons of phospho- rus, and 144 tons of oil into the waterways. In addition to this, the waters are further polluted by pollutants from 625 municipal sewage plants. Approximately 100,000 tons of poisonous or difficult-to-dispose-of hazardous wastes are created annually in Finland. According to the Suomen Ongelmajate Company, owned by the state, municipali- ties, and industry, 60--65 percent of the most difficult kinds of waste se- cretly disappears into the ground, water systems, garbage dumps, and into the air. Of the remaining only a portion can be treated in a relevant man- ner, the rest is lying around in industrial warehouses awaiting the comple- tion of the hazardous waste treantment plant. 45 Caches ‘ Local government officials who supervise the treatment of waste know full well that things are not what they should be, but look the other way. It is difficult for them to take on a large company when no one is able to tell the company where its hazardous waste can be dumped. But sometimes bad luck strikes and hiding places are disclosed. Ten years ago 20 tons of cyanide waste from an affiliate of the Nokia Corporation, the Sako Company in Riihimaki, were found in a garbage dump in Hanko. The state-owned Neste Corporation was caught red handed in 1975 when it loaded arsenic waste on the huge container ship Ensker. The intent was to dump this waste into the Atlantic, but it was finally returned to Finland accompanied by a heated international row. Several reports have been made on the quality and amounts of hazardous wastes. The most recent and apparently the most detailed report is now being comple- ted in the Interior Ministry. It will reveal which plants are producing poi- sons and where they go. The ministry is keeping the report confidential. "Apparently, there are deficiencies in ind stry's waste treatment plans," stated Office Chief Matti Vehkalahti of the Interior Ministry in disclosing an issue generally «nown within local governments. Environmental Protection Professor Pekka Nuorteva knows where hazardous waste not included in waste treatment plans has been taken: "It has been taken to much smaller, unguarded dumps, for example, to locations similar to Tenhola. The “flea meter” developed at Helsinki University Environmental Protection Institute has indicated that there may be poisons at the Tenhola dump. The test conducted with water fleas is simple. At the laboratory filtered water from the dump is added to a dish in which water fleas are living. They die if poisons are introduced into the water. The suitability of water fleas as a barometer of pollution was tested with water from 20 dumps. In some they lived, in others they died. Fatal water came from the dumps at Iso-Huopalahti and Tenhola, among other places. "There is no industry producing poisons in Tenhola. The poisons were appa- rently brought from somewhere else. We received a clue as to the whom the party could be when the police stated that they observed on the roads of Ten- hola and Bromarv a car driven by shipmaster Jukka Ujara ta, who is suspected of smuggling waste," states Nuorteva. The poisons and their origins could be determined with certainty if the dump could be opened up. 46 Nuorteva doubts that anyone will become readily involved in such an expensive venture. “Indeed, the police will need more than just dead water fleas as evidence in this case.” However, the water flea test can according to Nuorteva become an inexpensive and quick procedure suitable for a preliminary report. Professor Pekka Nuorteva, who has followed the treatment of hazardous waste for many years, fears that there are others in Finland besides Ojaranta who have disposed of hazardous waste. “General practice, however, has been that an industrial plant has paid a member of its own staff to dispose of a load of waste in a suitable place,” states Nuorteva. A Business Also Director Leo Virkkunen of the Capital City Area Cooperation Delegation has been concerned about the treatment of waste for a long time. He is one of the promoters of the waste treatment plant, an initiator of the project. “It was a suprise to me that such a good business could be conducted in haz- ardous waste," argues Virkkunen. In his opinion the waste treatment plant is, indeed, an urgent issue since the barrels in industrial warehouses are already beginning to rust -- something must be done with them soon. In Pekka Nuorteva's opinion industry is in a hurry to dispose of the barrels for another reason also: it knows that the cost of waste disposal at the waste treatment plant will be high. The cost of dumping them into the sea is much cheaper. "In this lies the problem. If the plant is made well, it will become expen- sive and treatment costs will have to be kept high. Then pressures will be created to find cheaper alternatives,” states Nuorteva. Appparently, the waste treatment plant will be made well. In any event it will be expensive. It will cost 265.6 million markkas or three times more than the estimate only a year and a half ago. Technical Director Matti Vattulainen explains the increase in the cost by an improvement in technology. "For example, the cost of the gas refinery is now nearly half of the cost of the furnace while it originally was only one-tenth. The whole combustion plant will cost 100 million markkas, of which the mechanical portion 1 ‘\roximately 50 million.” Professor Pekka Nuorteva has cized the fact that the waste treatment plant will be located in the center of an agricultural area near a city. He would consider the plant safe if it were built in a more suitable location. "The sources and flow of ground waters in the vicinity of the construction site were not sufficiently studied. This could have prevented its construc- ticn. The Hame Provincial Government, which will issue a permit for the treat- ment of hazardo s waste to the plant, will probably not be given the facts.” 4) in Nuorteva‘'s opinion the hazardous waste treatment plant is necessary; these wastes must be made safe somewhere. In Nuorteva’s opinion there is also no reason to underestimate the poison findings off the coast of Dragsfjard: “PCB is definitely detrimental to the sea since there is already a sufficient amount of it in the Baltic Sea. Each barrel is too auch.” According to Nuorteva PCB is the main reason that the seal and sea eagle pop- ulations are no long increasing. “PCB has entered the sea from Nokia by means of the Kokemaki River. The con- tent of PCB in the livers of burbot and codfish --— and no other fish -- cau- ght in this vicinity is many times greater than the norms established by the World Health Organization.” In Nuorteva's opinion hypocrisy in environmental issues should be avoided and issues should be looked at as total entities. “When it becomes disclosed that a ship is dumping toxic substances into the Baltic Sea, the incident is severely condemned. Un the other hand, the attitude toward a pipeline pumping poisons into the sea from Vuorikemia is completely indifferent. Is it more civilized to pump poisons into the sea along a pipeline than it is to dump barrels of poison from the side of a ship?” 10576 CSU: 5000 / 2146 GR FRANCE EDF TO STUDY POWER PLANT IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT Paris LE MATIN in French 4 Aug 82 p 23 [Article: EDF Has Promised To Change Its Conduct"] [Text] An agreement has been signed with the Ministries of Environment and Energy to improve landscape protection. Did EDF (French Electric Company] decide to mend its ways? According to the agreement signed Last June with the Ministries of Environment and Energy, EDF is definitely committed to adopt "an exemplary behavior" and to contribute to the protection of environment by attempting t»> improve the integration of all of its structures in the natural environment, for which it did not always show much consideration in the past. EDF agreed to put its cards on the table. By organizing annual meetings with all organizations concerned to discuss its surveys and research. By providing broader an! more complete information under the new procedure of investigation as to public usefulness. Finally, by publishing an annual assessment of the effects which the operation of its production structures has on the environment. As far as hydroelectric works are concerned, EDF must prepare an inventory of potential sites before the end of the year. If a project is likely to af- fect a national park, no study will be started without prior consultation with the ministries which signed the agreement. Also, a specialized office will be created to undertake new research on "fish passes" and, without waiting for the result of this research, a priority action program will be drawn up before the end of the year, providing for the improvement or multiplication of the existing passes. Will EDF abide by this good behavior code? Its intentions do challenge firm'~ rooted habits. Wiether for nuclear power plants, power lines or hydroelectric work:, EDF has too often given the impression that it placed itself above the law. Barely one year ago, one of its oldest opponents, the National Association for the Protection of Salmonids, requested Michel Crepeau minister of Environment to open an investigation on the conditions under which EDF had undertaken the realization of certain hydroelectric dams and plants. 49 [he association--which is fighting the Puylaurent dam project (Lozere depart- ment) now being reconsidered--charged and offered proof that EDF had pressed for the realization of the project in order to place the Ministry of Environ- ment in front of a fait accompli. In the case of Puylaurent, work had start- ed in December 1980, without an authorization and in spite of the unfavorable Opinion given by the Ministry of Environment. The same thing happened at Saint-Amandin (Cantal department) under the pretext of "surveys." And again at Ferrieres-sur-Ariege, where work started late in 1980, six months before the investigation was completed. Better still, in Brassac on the Tarn River, work was completed while the investigation was still in progress-a very slow progress, we must say--, while at Eygliers a structure on the Guil, a tributary of the Durance River, was placed in service before it had even been declared of public usefulness. "It is to be wished that the Ministry of Environment would express its opposi- tion to these practices (often covered up by the Ministry of Industry) which call its credibility, and especially that of the public investigation procedure, into question,” a ministry official estimated in a memorandum addressed to Michel Crepeau. Rather than denouncing EDF, Michel Crepeau has chosen to obtain from it a promise that it would not do it again... 9294 CSO: 5000/2157 30 GREECE SCIENTISTS CHARGE POLLUTION DATA ALTERED Athens ELEVTHEROTYPIA in Greek 2 Jul 82 p 14 [Text] Yesterday, ten scientists who recently left PAKOE [extension not available] announced the formation of an idependent agency for the protection of the environment "free of any party connections and without any dependence on the government.” They once more accused the president of the center, Mr. P. Khristodoulakis that: "He alters by inflating the smog data resulting from the measurings when he makes them public." At a press conference held yesterday noon, scientist, Mr. Thymios Dimoulas, Mrs. Dimitra Elevtheratou, Mrs. Eirini Vasilaki, Mr. Nikiforos Tsaroukhos, Mrs. Eleni Tzitzilaki, and Mr. Faidon Khatziandoniou, with proxies from Mr. V. Giannakopoulos, [. Papadopoulos and N. Koskyras stated that: PAKOE has become an opportunistic, profit-oriented, business which under the guise of environmental protection would unhesitatingly cooperate with anyone in order to profit financially. [ts president, Mr. Khristodoulakis, PAKOE's only current member, manager and trea- surer(!), alters the extent of pollution in order to create sensationalism in public opinion. The scientists said that the subject of the environment today interests every citizen because it has become an inseparable element in his every day life. They added that: Their agency will be of public benefit and will be structured on similar model centers abroad. [he majority of those present at the press conference have studied at European and American universities and are familiar with the operation of these centers abroad. Democratic dialog will dominate in the agency in dealing with problems. The parti- cipation of the scientists is free and, during the first phase, more than 100 scientists of various specializations will coopearte in all of Greece. They reported that they have asked the responsible officials to transfer the PAKOE laboratories to a public service institution in order to be able to use them themselves. "The property of PAKOE,"” they said, “was obtained with the work of many anonymous individuals who were interested in the environment. It is no one's exclusive pro- perty.” 9731 CSO: 5000/5335 52 GREECE COMMENTARY ON POLLUTION CAUSES Athens ELEVTHEROS KOSMOS in Greek 24 Jun 82 p 8 (Editorial: “The pollution of Saronikos”] [Text] If all the reasons which caused in the past, and continue to cause today, the pollution of the Saronikos Gulf were hopeless, the solution of the problem would have been difficult in any case if not impossible. Because, however, as ascertained by the sanitary control commission, the basic reasons for pollution of the coastal regions of Attiki in general include the outlets of drainage conduits of wastee and the laying up of ves:.els, the public is demanding to know the reasons that prevent the elimination of these causes, certainly not hopeless, at least in the two cases mentioned. It is possible to stop the drainage of polluted wastes into the sea. And the coastal areas which are used for swimming by the inhabitants of the Athens basin can very well be forbidden as ships’ anchorages. Instead, then, of the recent decision of the authorities of the Attikis Nome to designate certain coastal areas, Varkiza, Neon Faliron, Pakhi, Elevsina and parts of Vouliagmeni, Kavouri, and Lagonisi among them, as polluted and unfit for swimming, it would make better sense if the ministries responsible dealt with the source of the problem. We do not believe that it would be very difficult for the Ministry of the Merchant Marine specifically, to prohibit the laying up of ships in certain areas so that they will remain free for use by bathers. The harried Athenians are in need of seashore swimming areas and not of decisions by means of which they are notified that they are condemned to remain in the smog-covered capital even during the summer. 9731] CSO: 5000/5335 END END OF FICHE DATE FILMED